effect of microwave on human body ppt
2010;28:445. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Brain Res Rev. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Cobb et al. Military Medical Research Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;23:306. Brain Res. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. PubMed Central Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2002;5:18995. J Neurosci Methods. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. . Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Finally, Hardell et al. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Behav Brain Res. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. JAMA. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. J Neuro. Othman et al. Qutob et al. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Int J Occup Environ Health. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 2008;49:16370. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Gold PE. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. 2009;158:12639. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. PubMed Central The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. J Natl Cancer Inst. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Article 2017;326:291. 2012;62:22336. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. Google Scholar. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. radiations. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Trends Cell Biol. 2002;13:11921. PubMed Cell Biochem Biophys. 2012;112:1715. Bioelectromagnetics. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Front Neurosci. Richter et al. 2005;130:591600. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Neuroreport. Int J Epidemiol. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. 2001;12:72931. Vorobyov et al. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Dasdag et al. 2009;27:556572. 2014;53:22230. 2013;42:428. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Bioelectromagnetics. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. The effects are usually . Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. PubMed Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Bull Exp Biol Med. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. 2002;64:31353. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. PubMed [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. 2005;25:10190201. 2014;12:75. Physiol Behav. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. J Med Food. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. 2005;438:18592. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Qiao et al. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Smythe JW, Costall B. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Google Scholar. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Fragopoulou et al. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. California Privacy Statement, The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Bioelectromagnetics. 2012;3:3440. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Cosquer et al. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. 2003;140:147. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Terms and Conditions, Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Int J Radiat Biol. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Bioelectromagnetics. Google Scholar. CAS Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. J Neurosci. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. 2015;28:1324. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Wang et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. CAS 2014;90:2935. 2016;397:2239. eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2 Researchers have been working. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Exp Neurobiol. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. 2007;210:63544. 2008;86:718. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. J Radiat Proc. Neuroreport. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. PubMed Suhhova et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Google Scholar. Yale J Biol Med. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. 2014:125. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Zhang et al. 2012;31:25074. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2004;25:4957. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. 1994;8:714. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2013;89:11007. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2003;11:346. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. 1996;180:917. Wang et al. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field.
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