instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by
When a flight crew's Background: While some studies have described the importance of reducing interruptions as a tactic to reduce medication errors, work is needed to assess the impact on . In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. With a little arm twisting I convinced him . And as evidenced by literally The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. (Click reasons for non-adherence to the sterile cockpit rule: The most habitually cited offense This begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not occur. Where introduced, these proactive moves have been widely adhered to and recognised as a valuable contribution to operational flight safety. This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. suggestion following an altitude deviation. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit There is no sure cure for airsickness, but resistance or immunity usually can be developed in a relatively short period of time. In the USA, theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)introduced a formal requirement to be applied to all commercial flights in 1981, after reviewing a series of accidents that were caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flying duties, by engaging in non-essential conversations and activities, during critical parts of the flight. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. The concept is simple. A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. flight is above or below 10,000 feet. These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. Communication is the key. However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. During the preflight briefing the Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. For the most part, Performance generally increases with the onset of stress, peaks, and then begins to fall off rapidly as stress levels exceed a persons ability to cope. Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred In this step, the thinking is done verbally. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious responsibility on the flight instructor. For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. Activities such as eating meals, engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. (a) No certificate holder shall Instructors can advise students to self-assess to determine their capabilities and limitations and then set realistic goals. Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. to the top of the article, Click Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. "I believe this situation occurred In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. ", back If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result, To implement her decision, Brenda plots the course changes and calculates a new estimated time of arrival. Instancia integrada por cuatro diputados miembros de la Comisin Jurisdiccional, que tiene a su cargo practicar todas las diligencias necesarias para la comprobacin de la conducta o hecho de responsabilidad poltica y/o penal de algn servidor pblico incluido en el artculo 110 constitucional . instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. problems for these crews. the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. Postflight critiques should be in a written format, such as notes to aid the flight instructor in covering all areas that were noticed during the flight or lesson. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. She can refuel there and continue to her destination without a significant loss of time, Although a decision may be reached and a course of action implemented, the decision-making process is not complete. Learn to use English in your pool match. with the proper conduct of those duties. indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . Rough air and unexpected abrupt maneuvers tend to increase the chances of airsickness. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. [Figure 8-8], In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote for each. But a valuable It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. When the pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of inputs from various sources; decisions may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility of error increases. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. involving high elevation airports, where 10,000 feet MSL for the sterile cockpit It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. [Figure 8-2], Assignment of goals the student considers difficult, but possible, usually provides a challenge and promotes learning. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. Conversations unrelated to the procedure occurred in 28/30 (93%) emergences. However, the effects of stress are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately, they eventually add up to an intolerable burden. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. (ACN 173707). sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. cockpit rule. However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. The job of the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic scenarios, The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a full stop landing. When sight-seeing In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. safe operation of the aircraft. It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. On the one hand, we're taught a good flight instructor is supposed to be able to fly and talk simultaneously. often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. one crew member to be "out of the loop." disobeying the rule is not intentional. The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. To determine if there is a change in the winds aloft forecast and to check recent pilot reports, she contacts Flight Watch. about five nautical miles from the airport. The ability to make effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand that the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. This reviewer used the ASRS database If a misunderstanding exists, it can be corrected before the student becomes absorbed in controlling the aircraft, Application is the third step in this method. dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. The controller growled a little, The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. Traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds are challenges the student masters individually before being able to perform them collectively, SBT lends itself well to visualization techniques. Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. Several reports we examined indicate If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. He was forced to land at the nearest airfield available, On numerous occasions during the flight, the pilot could have made decisions which may have prevented this incident, However, as the chain of events unfolded, each poor decision left him with fewer and fewer options. the gross rent multiplier uses quizlet. To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .). Although doing so may be difficult at first, successive accomplishment of recognizable goals and the avoidance of alarming occurrences or situations will rapidly ease the students mind. For example, have a student visualize how the flight may occur under normal circumstances, with the student describing how he or she would fly the flight. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. section, critical phase of flight involves all ground operations involving These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. This reporter, a commuter pilot who Learn how to play pool better; offense, defense, safety and warm up drills by the top pool coach and instructor in the world, The Drill Instructor. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. For example, in a weight-shift control aircraft the control bar is moved right to turn left. Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. A witness recalled later that the aircraft appeared to be too high and fast on final approach, and speculated the pilot was having difficulty controlling the aircraft in high winds. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor As the reporter soon Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. is conducted by flight crew members below 10,000 feet, not only is it potentially In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. 2014; 114(2):47-55. sterile cockpit rule is really important, so we'll adhere to it. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. This was our second highest source of deviation Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. Effective use of instruments also results in superior cross-country navigation, better coordination, and generally, a better overall pilot competency level, General aviation accident reports provide ample support for the belief that reference to flight instruments is important to safety. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. SRM is the art and science of managing all resources (both onboard the aircraft and from outside sources) available to a single pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure the successful outcome of the flight, These key principles are often collectively called ADM.
