which of the following describes situational communication competenceBlog

which of the following describes situational communication competence

Try to compare observed nonverbal cues to a persons typical or baseline nonverbal behavior to help avoid misinterpretation. For example, you might know strategies for being an effective speaker, but public speaking anxiety that kicks in when you get in front of the audience may prevent you from fully putting that knowledge into practice. respond nonverbally to simple commands, statements, and questions. In G. Noblit & L. Moll (Eds. Antonio, youve been absent for two days. Restaurant servers, bartenders, car salespeople, realtors, exotic dancers, and many others who work in a service or sales capacity know that part of sealing the deal is making people feel liked, valued, and important. Over 2 minutes, each group will create a paper chain. What other options would improve communication. Corn hole, which is also called bags, involves throwing a cloth sack filled with corn toward another teams board with the goal of getting it in the hole or on the board to score points. Asking these questions helps employers better understand your thought process and assess your problem-solving, self-management and communication skills. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like It is accurate to say that Situational Leadership II (SLII) is primarily a. Descriptive b. Prescriptive c. Well supported by research d. Trait related, Which of the following statements best describes Situational Leadership? In secondary and public territories, look for informal markers such as drinks, books, or jackets and be respectful of them when possible. People may show feelings that they do not actually have, show a higher intensity of feelings than they actually have, try to show no feelings, try to show less feeling than they actually have, or mask one feeling with another. When someone is avoiding eye contact, dont immediately assume they are not listening or are hiding something, especially if you are conveying complex or surprising information. The classical rhetorician who noted that communication needed to be presented by "a good man speaking well" was. Using concepts from this section, analyze your own nonverbal encoding competence. Communication is common in that it is something that we spend most of our time doing, but the ability to make sense of and improve our communication takes competence that is learned through deliberate study and personal reflection. According to Daniel Goleman, emotional competence is an extremely important factor in understanding emotional intelligence. Remember, however, that these nonverbal behaviors are not solely related to deception and also manifest as a result of other emotional or cognitive states. The use of body language and objects to convey meaning to messages c. A process of offering advice and suggestions and relating similar experiences d. As this example shows, these individual differences can increase the ambiguity of nonverbal communication, but when observed over a period of time, they can actually help us generate meaning. For each of the following scenarios, note (1) what behaviors may indicate deception, (2) alternative explanations for the behaviors (aside from deception), and (3) questions you could ask to get more information before making a judgment. The use of translanguaging in educational contexts has brought a wealth of both interest and disagreement. When we cant shift our bodies, we often use coats, bags, books, or our hands to physically separate or block off the front of our bodies from others. Here are the scores (on a scale from 1 to 4, with 4 being advanced proficiency): Rudi felt some degree of success at locating the language proficiency information, but he still wondered what to do next. Most students learning a second language follow a similar route; that is, certain linguistic forms and rules are acquired early, whereas others tend to be acquired late, as illustrated in Figure 2.3. The matrix in Figure 2.1 depicts the four language domains. What can Rudi reasonably expect Faridah to understand and do in his ancient history class? Most studies reveal that deceivers talk less, especially in response to direct questions (Andersen, 1999). Productive language refers to the information produced to convey meaning. According to the communication process, who provides information? b. intrapersonal communication. The third part of the definition we will unpack is ability to adapt to various contexts. Reflect on how knowledge of their English language proficiency might help teachers better address their unique needs and tap their strengths. People in the audience cannot as easily interact with each other because they cant see each other face-to-face without turning. Scenario 2. The following example by Ernst-Slavit (2018) showcases how demarcations of languages are difficult to make when several languages are used fluidly in one household: A person wouldnt likely perform all those signals simultaneously. We all know areas where we could improve our communication, and taking this class will probably expose even more. They later told us that they were amazed at how we stood, threw our bags, and shifted position between rounds in unison. For example, people who are more skilled at monitoring and controlling nonverbal displays of emotion report that they are more comfortable public speakers (Riggio, 1992). What dose a receiver do to decode a message? Since nonverbal communication is multichannel, it is important to be aware that nonverbal cues can complement, enhance, or contradict each other. Remember, you are not alone. Fill each blank with the lesson word that best fits the meaning of the sentence. Nonverbal communication affects our own and others behaviors and communication. As students navigate through the process of becoming competent users of English, educators awareness of their location along the language learning continuum can help them better address the students needs and build on their strengths. Which skill will be most useful for you in academic contexts? This perspective views bilinguals and multilinguals not as possessing two or more autonomous language systems, but as users of a unitary linguistic repertoire where they sort and select whatever resources are needed to make meaning and to communicate with others. In what situations can you arrive late? Avoid touching strangers unless being introduced or offering assistance. Congruent nonverbal communication is more credible and effective than ambiguous or conflicting nonverbal cues. begin to use general academic vocabulary and familiar everyday expressions. Situational Leadership is a style of leadership where leaders consider the readiness level of the team members they serve and the uniqueness of every situation. In general, a persons vocal signature is a result of the physiology of his or her neck, head, and mouth. Comparing and contrasting words in L1 with English words can contribute to increases in word recognition, vocabulary development, phonic analysis, and structural analysis. The listeners tend to appreciate the feelings of the speaker and try to understand the situation. The following guidelines may help you more effectively encode nonverbal messages sent using your hands, arms, body, and face. Robert N. Bostrom (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), 25. Interprofessional Communication: Communicate with patients, families, communities, and other health professionals in a responsive and responsible manner that supports a team approach to the maintenance of health and the treatment of disease. As is stressed in Chapter 2 Communication and Perception, first impressions matter. Getting Started on Your Road to Communication Competence, The Getting Competent boxes throughout this book are meant to help you become a more confident and skilled communicator. This is just the beginning of our conversation about communication competence. Garca, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Many names are available with audio files by native speakers. Identify and employ strategies for improving competence with sending nonverbal messages. Pease, A. and Barbara Pease, The Definitive Book of Body Language (New York, NY: Bantam, 2004), 21. Even though you may intend for your nonverbal messages to be congruent, they could still be decoded in a way that doesnt match up with your intent, especially since nonverbal expressions vary in terms of their degree of conscious encoding. In terms of talk time and turn taking, research shows that people who take a little longer with their turn, holding the floor slightly longer than normal, are actually seen as more credible than people who talk too much or too little (Andersen, 1999). You ask your roommate if you can borrow his car to go pick up a friend from the train station about ten miles away. In a social situation where one personsay, a supervisorhas more power than anotherfor example, his or her employeethen the supervisor is typically the one who sets the standard for competence. Communication, specifically, interpersonal communication, is the personal exchange of information between two or more people. Communication in the Real World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. In this section we will discuss some strategies for effectively encoding and decoding nonverbal messages. How does this information help Rudi plan instruction for Faridah? c. requires cognitive complexity. Logically, early humans who were more successful at mirroring were more likely to secure food, shelter, and security and therefore passed that genetic disposition on down the line to us. However, different family members might have used different languages for multiple purposes. McCroskey, J. C., Communication Comptence: The Elusive Construct, in Competence in Communication: A Multidisciplinary Approach, ed. But you have to be prepared to put in the time to improve; for example, it takes effort to become a better listener or to give better feedback. Oxford: Oxford University Press. On the other hand, although there are numerous rules and norms associated with nonverbal communication, we rarely receive explicit instruction on how to do it. How do I know when Ive misunderstood someone or when someone has misunderstood me? To be proficient in a language requires knowledge and skills using the linguistic components. the knowledge about how to communicate effectively and appropriately and. But displaying the thumb or thumbs while the rest of the hand is in the pocket is a signal of a dominant or authoritative attitude. A system used to deliver a message. C. The transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver via a medium of transmission is known as ________. and Texas at http://ipsi.utexas.edu/EST/files/standards/ELPS/ELPS.pdf (1982). Avoid combining touch with negative criticism; a hand on the shoulder during a critical statement can increase a persons defensiveness and seem condescending or aggressive. Men often subconsciously put their hands in their pockets when they dont want to participate in a conversation. Many students note that some of what we learn in communication classes is common sense. I agree with this observation in some cases but disagree with it in others. The longer you stand like that, the more frustrated and defensive you will become, because that nonverbal cluster reinforces and heightens your feelings. What are your strengths and weaknesses? For example, people engaging in negative critical evaluation of a speaker may cross their legs, cross one arm over their stomach, and put the other arm up so the index finger is resting close to the eye while the chin rests on the thumb (Pease & Pease, 2004). Do the same for your nonverbal decoding competence. We learn to decode or interpret nonverbal messages through practice and by internalizing social norms. What aspects of communication do you think are common sense? What aspects of communication do you think require more formal instruction and/or study? Communications Chapter 1 Quiz. Receptive language refers to the information someone receives through listening or reading activities. Before you have built up a rich cognitive knowledge base of communication concepts and practiced and reflected on skills in a particular area, you may exhibit unconscious incompetence, which means you are not even aware that you are communicating in an incompetent manner. After all, youve spent many years explicitly and implicitly learning to communicate. 4.3 (3 reviews) Term. All rights reserved. (Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1995), 54. A review of many studies of deception indicates that increased eye blinking is associated with deception, probably because of heightened arousal and cognitive activity (Andersen, 1999). What can he say or do to advocate for the students while at the same time maintaining a good working relationship with Mrs. Holton? Some of these reactions are visible, such as increased movements, and some are audible, such as changes in voice pitch, volume, or rate. Take deep breaths. New York: Routledge. One is given a picture. But many of us avoid confronting what is causing conflict in our relationships even though we know its better to talk about our problems than to let them build up. What are the situational monitoring issues? Typical Stages in the Acquisition of Negation, Linguistic Features Acquired in the Early Stages, -ing verb ending Sandi is playing ball., active sentences Ronaldo built a big tower with blocks., Linguistic Features Acquired in the Later Stages, -/s/ third person singular Sasha plays with Leia., passive voice A big tower with blocks was built by Lorca.. However, as your skills increase you may advance to conscious competence, meaning that you know you are communicating well in the moment, which will add to your bank of experiences to draw from in future interactions. In many introductory communication classes that I teach, a student usually says something like You must be really good at this stuff since you study it and have been teaching it for a while. At the same time students assume that I have a high level of communication competence, they are hard on themselves for being at the stage of conscious incompetence, where they catch themselves communicating poorly in regards to a concept we recently studied. The reason often is because many ethical missteps are situational. One way for students to obtain sufficient amounts of written input is through pleasure reading, whether in L1 or L2. Students can read or have someone read to them the L1 version of a book in order to understand its content. Given the wide variety of languages spoken by immigrant students in the United States today, teachers will not know all of the native languages of their students. Williams, C. 1996. Although avoiding eye contact can be perceived as sign of disinterest, low confidence, or negative emotionality, eye contact avoidance can be used positively as a face-saving strategy. a. involves choosing inappropriate behavior. Faridahs cumulative file holds a copy of the states language proficiency test, which she completed the previous spring. Careful observation of and interaction with individual students aids educators in identifying each students level of language proficiency. Communication competence refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts. The cognitive elements of competence include knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are (Hargie, 2011). Start your outline and research early. It also requires background knowledge, critical thinking and metacognitive skills, as well as understanding and applying cultural nuances, beliefs, and practices in context. This involves determining whether or not your communication helped achieve your goals. Cultures with a high-context orientation generally use less verbal communication and value silence as a form of communication, which requires listeners to pay close attention to nonverbal signals and consider contextual influences on a message. Speaking. Decades of research conducted by communication scholars shows that communication apprehension is common among college students (Priem & Solomon, 2009). You are calling a family member for help. To get a more nuanced understanding of the meaning behind nonverbal cues, we can look at them as progressive or layered. List some nonverbal skills that you think are important in each of the following contexts: academic, professional, personal, and civic. Also, people who are better self-monitors are better deceivers, because they are aware of verbal and nonverbal signals that may give them away and may be better able to control or account for them. a. the successful performance of a communication behavior. Bilingual Research Journal. As you get better at monitoring and controlling your nonverbal behaviors and understanding how nonverbal cues affect our interaction, you may show more competence in multiple types of communication. Which of the following is the goal of Alexia's communication with Mrs. Philips? The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. A job interview. Chapter 5: Listening . This states that for you to become a competent communicator, you must continue to learn or develop your communication skills. Our cognitive activity increases when we have to decide whether to engage in deception or not, which often involves some internal debate. While these are skill focused rather than interpersonally or culturally focused, they provide a concrete way to assess your own speaking competencies and to prepare yourself for professional speaking and listening, which is often skill driven. London: UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Keep in mind that the following tips arent hard and fast rules and are usually more meaningful when adapted according to a specific person or context. The second guideline for decoding nonverbal signals is to recognize that certain nonverbal signals are related. Rudi Heinzs head was swimming: state content standards, national content standards, state English language development standards, Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL) English language proficiency standards, WIDA[1]standards, district mandates, mandatory curriculum. Think, for example, about how people fall into formation when waiting in a line. But add a frown to that mix and it can signal hostility (Pease & Pease, 2004). It is believed that deceptive nonverbal behaviors result from nonverbal leakage, which refers to nonverbal behaviors that occur as we try to control the cognitive and physical changes that happen during states of cognitive and physical arousal (Hargie, 2011). However, when I do mess up, I almost always make a mental note and reflect on it. The increasingly homogeneous mass culture of the postwar years b. View the first section(called "Late Reception") of the following AHRQ video,Poor Teamwork in the Medical Office and identify communication problems. Why do I have to worry about English language development standards anyway? moaned Rudi to himself. Developing communication competence can bring many rewards, but it also requires time and effort. Deceivers tend to use more eye contact when lying to friends, perhaps to try to increase feelings of immediacy or warmth, and less eye contact when lying to strangers. Genesee, F. (2012). London, UK: Penguin Books. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Figure 2.6 Elements and examples of communicative competence. Discuss communication apprehension and public speaking anxiety and employ strategies to manage them. Of course, skilled and experienced deceivers develop new scripts that can also become familiar and comfortable and allow them to engage in deception without arousing as much anxiety or triggering the physical reactions to it (Andersen, 1999). One of the most powerful associations between nonverbal behaviors and deception is the presence of adaptors. Language proficiency is multidimensional and entails linguistic, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. Additionally, CA can lead others to make assumptions about your communication competence that may be unfavorable. Give timely, sensitive, instructive feedback to others about their performance on the team, responding respectfully as a team member to feedback from others. The notion of code-switching assumes the alternation of separate languages in the context of a single conversation (e.g., Maria forgot su bolsa, where the child uses Spanish to mean her bag). make errors in one or more domains that generally do not interfere with communication. Rather than using a list of specific rules, I suggest people develop more general tools that will be useful in and adaptable to a variety of contexts. a. However, this information provides an incomplete and misleading picture of Faridahs needs and abilities. This will help bring the concepts to life and also help you evaluate how communication in the real world matches up with communication concepts. are able to generate simple texts that reflect their knowledge level of syntax. Rudi was determined to do just that. We will learn more specifics about nonverbal communication in relational, professional, and cultural contexts in Section 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, but we can also gain insight into how to interpret nonverbal cues through personal contexts. Both are commonly experienced by most people and can be managed using various strategies. You may find the list of WIDA states at. Eye contact is useful for initiating and regulating conversations. Knowing this allows us to have more control over the trajectory of our communication, possibly allowing us to intervene in a negative cycle. Discuss strategies for developing communication competence. Cloud, N., Genesee, F., & Hamayan, E. (2000). Question number 18 Which of the following describes situational communication competence? the receiver provides feedback. Quintillian. Each one of his English learners was a unique individual with specific strengths and weaknesses in both language and content. Listening. Allen, M., John E. Hunter, and William A. Donohue, Meta-analysis of Self-Report Data on the Effectiveness of Public Speaking Anxiety Treatment Techniques, Communication Education 38, no. In terms of seated posture, leaning back is usually decoded as a sign of informality and indifference, straddling a chair as a sign of dominance (but also some insecurity because the person is protecting the vulnerable front part of his or her body), and leaning forward as a signal of interest and attentiveness. The ability to use your body or parts of your body to solve problems is known as naturalist intelligence. Rudi Heinz has learned that his sixth-grade ELL student, Faridah, scored at a Level 2 on the states English language proficiency (ELP) exam. (Eds. CA includes multiple forms of communication, not just public speaking. Paul Shanks Communication CC BY-NC 2.0. Scenario 1. The Department of Defense and the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) developed a program to help create high performing teams. may have difficulty understanding and using some idioms, figures of speech, and words with multiple meanings. Therefore, a certain amount of tentativeness and mindful monitoring of a persons nonverbal and verbal communication can help us detect deception. Was there a difference in how each group functioned? So, to get started on your road to competence, I am proposing that you do two things. Personal contexts? How do I know what attitude another person is expressing? Kevin Trotman You Lie! Out of the skills listed, which ones are you more competent in and less competent in? Mom, Dad, and guests may be speaking mostly in English. Last summer, during a backyard game of corn hole with my family, my mom and sister were standing at the other board and kept whispering to each other and laughing at my dad and me. d. is situational. How would you do this differently to improve communication? Alexandria, VA: Author. Student-produced texts may include unconventional features such as . A sideways glance, which entails keeping the head and face pointed straight ahead while focusing the eyes to the left or right, has multiple contradictory meanings ranging from interest, to uncertainty, to hostility. Choose effective communication tools and techniques, including information systems and communication technologies, to facilitate discussions and interactions that enhance team function. Since many gestures are spontaneous or subconscious, it is important to raise your awareness of them and monitor them. If we notice that a person is starting to build related signals like the ones above onto one another, we might be able to intervene in the negative reaction that is building. Educating ELLs includes not only focusing on language learning but also on building on students native languages, cultures, and experiences. Better information = higher confidence. construct meaning from text primarily through nonprint features (e.g., illustrations, graphs, maps, tables). Native language proficiency can also impact how students learn complex material, such as what is typically encountered in content-area classrooms (Ernst-Slavit & Slavit, 2007). Speech communication is a diverse discipline involving a range of behaviors and situations. There are certain nonverbal cues that have been associated with deception, but the problem is that these cues are also associated with other behaviors, which could lead you to assume someone is being deceptive when they are actually nervous, guilty, or excited. The head leaning over and being supported by a hand can typically be decoded as a sign of boredom, the thumb supporting the chin and the index finger touching the head close to the temple or eye as a sign of negative evaluative thoughts, and the chin stroke as a sign that a person is going through a decision-making process (Pease & Pease, 2004). A book in the native language can soothe feelings of frustration and exhaustion common among L2 learners. Poor Teamwork in the Medical Office, View the following video describing good situational monitoring strategies. Vogel, S., & Garca, O. Garca, O., & Kleyn, T. To improve your competence encoding nonverbal messages, increase your awareness of the messages you are sending and receiving and the contexts in which your communication is taking place. Given that deception is so widespread and common, it is estimated that we actually only detect about half the lies that we are told, meaning we all operate on false information without even being aware of it. Communicative competence involves more than linguistic or grammatical competence. Although we put more weight on nonverbal communication than verbal when trying to detect deception, there is no set guide that can allow us to tell whether or not another person is being deceptive. Active listening, for example, combines . A lack of communication and social relationships can case a range of physical and mental illnesses. There are common misconceptions about what behaviors are associated with deception. Unfortunately, both experience and science say the answer is "no.". initially have limited or no understanding of English. In summary, although we have a clear definition of communication competence, there are not definitions for how to be competent in any given situation, since competence varies at the individual, social, and cultural level. A system used to deliver a message. A Taiwanese woman who speaks English as her second language may be praised for her competence in the English language in her home country but be viewed as less competent in the United States because of her accent. The language proficiency levels are not necessarily connected to cognitive functions. This program is called TeamSTEPPS. As we age, we internalize social and cultural norms related to sending (encoding) and interpreting (decoding) nonverbal communication. Translanguaging and education. My cousin will stay in the hospital for a few days. Some claim that translanguaging pedagogy pays too much attention to the students bilingualism; others worry that it could threaten the language separation traditionally posited as necessary for language maintenance and development (Vogel & Garcia, 2017). Mark L. Knapp and Kerry J. Daly (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002): 33973. Sure, stress affected his ability to be creative, but he refused to give up. Metts, S. and Sally Planlap, Emotional Communication, in Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, 3rd ed., eds. Figure 2.3 Acquisition of English features occasionally make structural and lexical errors. It is generally used in contrast to L2, the language a person is learning. The first part of the definition we will unpack deals with knowledge. Getting integrated: As was indicated earlier, research shows that instruction in nonverbal communication can lead people to make gains in their nonverbal communication competence.

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